![]() This spurred the United States to hasten and re-emphasize its space programs, culminating in the Explorer program, which launched the first American satellite into orbit in 1958. While Sputnik 1 held no military value, only transmitting radio signals back to Earth for three weeks, its launch sparked the beginning of the Space Race. Three years before the incident, in 1957, a modified R-7 rocket carried the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into an orbit hundreds of kilometers above sea level, notably beyond the reach of any existing weapons system. That was the case until the 1960 U-2 incident, where a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defense Forces’ S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile while conducting photographic aerial reconnaissance deep inside Soviet territory. It was thought, at the time of its introduction, that the plane’s service ceiling of 80,000 feet would render it immune to Soviet aircraft, missiles, and radar. ![]() Notably, the United States would introduce the U-2 spy plane in 1956. In a time before satellites, this meant building an aircraft that could fly higher or faster, or both, compared to any interceptor that would try and bring it down. ( October 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)ĭuring the early Cold War, a survivable reconnaissance asset was considered highly valuable. ![]() Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. This section needs additional citations for verification. In 2019 India conducted a test of the ASAT missile making it the fourth country with that capability, and in April of that year, the Indian Armed Forces established the Defence Space Agency. The Russian Space Force, established on August 10, 1992, which became an independent section of the Russian Armed Forces on June 1, 2001, was replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces starting December 1, 2011, but was reestablished as a component of the Russian Aerospace Forces on August 1, 2015. International treaties are in place that attempt to regulate conflicts in space and limit the installation of space weapon systems, especially nuclear weapons.įrom 1985 to 2002 there was a United States Space Command, which in 2002 merged with the United States Strategic Command, leaving the United States Space Force (formerly Air Force Space Command until 2019) as the primary American military space force. Space warfare in fiction is thus sub-genre and theme of science fiction, where it is portrayed with a range of realism and plausibility.Īs of 2023, no actual warfare is known to have taken place in space, though a number of tests and demonstrations have been performed. The scope of space warfare therefore includes ground-to-space warfare, such as attacking satellites from the Earth space-to-space warfare, such as satellites attacking satellites and space-to-ground warfare, such as satellites attacking Earth-based targets. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Space warfare is hypothetical combat in which one or more belligerents are situated in outer space. For information on reprint and reuse permissions, please visit The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial purposes. ![]() Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited linking directly to this product page is encouraged. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. They included executive summaries, technical documentation, and synthesis pieces. RAND monograph/reports presented major research findings that addressed the challenges facing the public and private sectors. ![]() The monograph/report was a product of the RAND Corporation from 1993 to 2003. This report is part of the RAND Corporation Monograph report series. The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force and conducted by RAND Project AIR FORCE. ![]()
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